砂带机结构三要素及保养方法 Three elements and maintenance methods for sand belt machine structure

砂带机厂家的磨削抛光设备,在各个行业中有着广泛的应用.从外形,结构,大小等方面可分为手持式砂带机,台式砂带机,立式砂带机等,从驱动方式来说可分为气动砂带机,电动砂带机.从砂带机磨削形式上可分为接触轮式砂带机,平磨垫板式砂带机,自由悬空式砂带机等.又有简单手动式砂带机以及自动化砂带机,机器人力控砂带机等等。　

Grinding and polishing equipment, sand belt machines are widely used in various industries. In terms of appearance, structure, size, etc. they can be divided into hand-held sand  belt, desktop sand belt, vertical sand belt machines etc. From the driving method, they can be divided into pneumatic sand belt, electric sand belt machines. From the grinding form of sand belt machines, they can be divided into contact wheel sand belt, flat grinding plate sand belt, free-hanging sand belt machines etc. There are also simple manual sand belt, automated sand  belt, robotic power-control sand belt machines etc.

但无论是哪一种砂带机,从最基本的机构上来说,一般须具备以下三个要素:　

But no matter which type of belt sanding machine it is, from the most basic mechanism, it generally has the following three elements.

一、砂带机驱动机构,也就是指驱动砂带运转的机构部分,通常包含一个气动马达或电机提供运转动力。一个或多个传动轮来带动砂带旋转。

1、The sand belt driving mechanism, which refers to the mechanism part that drives the belt to operate, usually includes a pneumatic motor or motor to provide the operation power. One or more transmission wheels are used to drive the belt to rotate.　 

二、砂带机张紧机构,砂带必须有适当的张紧力,才能稳定运转。所以砂带机必须有机构来实现砂带的张紧。单轮式砂带磨削机通过砂带和轮子外径本身的尺寸配合及轮子旋转时的离心力来实现张紧,现采用较少,一般砂带机都有二个以上的传动轮,通过其中一个轮子的位置变化来实现砂带的张紧。而张紧轮的位置变化一般有螺栓顶压,弹簧张紧,气缸张紧三种主要方式.其中弹簧及气缸张紧方式应用最多。

2、The tensioning mechanism of sand belt machine. The belt must have appropriate tensioning force to operate stably. Therefore, the belt sander must have a mechanism to achieve tensioning of the belt. Single-wheel belt grinders achieve tensioning through the dimensions and the wheel outer diameter itself and the centrifugal force when the wheel rotates. Nowadays are used less frequently. Generally, belt sanders have more than two transmission wheels, and the tensioning of the belt is achieved through the change of the position of one of the wheels. The position changes of the tensioning wheels generally include three main methods: bolt top pressure, spring tension, and cylinder tensioning. Among them, spring and cylinder tensioning methods are the most commonly used.　 

三、砂带机的调偏机构,砂带机通常需要一个砂带纠偏机构,用于修正调节砂带在运转时的偏离,以获得稳定良好的工作效果.其实现原理都是通过改变一个或多个传动轮的角度变化来实现砂带运转时的位置变化.最为常见的为螺丝纠偏方式,在一些自动化机型中也有采用纠偏电机,传感器等来实现自动纠偏。

3、The deviation adjustment mechanism of sand belt machine. The sand belt machine usually requires a belt correction mechanism to correct the deviation of the belt during operation to obtain stable with good working results. The implementation principle is to change the position change of the belt during operation by changing the angle changes of one or more transmission wheels. The most common method is screw deviation correction. In some automated models, correction motors, sensors, etc. are also used to achieve automatic deviation correction.

砂轮机怎么保养？

How to maintain a grinder?

一、砂轮的检查

Grinding wheel inspection　

砂轮在安装使用前必须经过严格的检查，有裂纹等缺陷的砂轮机不准安装使用。

The grinding wheel must undergo strict inspection before installation. Grinding machines with cracks and other defects are not allowed to be installed and used.

(1)砂轮标记检查。砂轮没有标记或标记不清，无法核对、确认砂轮特性的砂轮，不管是否有缺陷，都不可使用。

(1) Check the grinding wheel mark. Grinding wheels that are not marked or not marked clearly cannot be used regardless of whether they have defects.

(2)砂轮缺陷检查。其检查方法是目测和音响检查:

(2)Inspection of grinding wheel defects. The inspection methods are visual inspection and audio inspection. 

①目测检查是直接用肉眼或借助其他器具察看砂轮表面是否有裂纹或破损等缺陷。

① Visual inspection is to check whether there are cracks or damage on the surface of the grinding wheel directly with the naked eye or with other tools. 　　

②音响检查也称敲击试验，主要针对砂轮的内部缺陷，检查方法是用小木锤敲击砂轮。正常的砂轮声音清脆，声音沉闷、嘶哑，说明有问题。

② Audio inspection, also known as strike test, is mainly aimed at the internal defects of the grinding wheel. The inspection method is to knock the grinding wheel with a small wooden hammer. The normal grinding wheel sounds crisp, dull and hoarse, indicating that there is something wrong.　　

(3）砂轮的回转强度检验。对同种型号一批砂轮应进行回转强度抽验，未经强度检验的砂轮批次严禁安装使用。 　　

(3) Test of the rotation strength of the grinding wheel. A batch of grinding wheels of the same type should be inspected for rotational strength and installation of grinding wheel batches without strength inspection are strictly prohibited. 

二、砂轮的安装

Installation of grinding wheels

（1）核对砂轮的特性是否符合使用要求，砂轮与主轴尺寸是否相匹配。

Check whether the characteristics of the grinding wheel meet the usage requirements and whether the grinding wheel and spindle size match.　

（2）将砂轮自由地装配到砂轮主轴上，不可用力挤压。砂轮内径与主轴和卡盘的配合间隙适当，避免过大或过小。配合面清洁，没有杂物。 　

The grinding wheel is freely assembled on the grinding wheel spindle and is not subject to force extrusion. The matching gap between the inner diameter of the grinding wheel and the spindle and the chuck must be appropriate . Together with clean fitting surface and no debris obtained.

（3）砂轮的卡盘应左右对称，压紧面径向宽度应相等。压紧面平直，与砂轮侧面接触充分，装夹稳固，防止砂轮两侧面因受不平衡力作用而变形甚至碎裂。

The chuck of the grinding wheel should be symmetrical balance left and right, and the radial width of the compression surface should be equal. The compression surface is straight, and it has sufficient contact with the sides of the grinding wheel. The clamping is firmly clamped to prevent both sides of the grinding wheel from deforming or even breaking due to unbalanced forces.　

（4）卡盘与砂轮端面之间应夹垫一定厚度的柔性材料衬垫（如石棉橡胶板、弹性厚纸板或皮革等），使卡盘夹紧力均匀分布。 　　

A certain thickness of flexible material pads (such as asbestos rubber sheet, elastic thick cardboard or leather, etc.) should be clamped between the chuck and the end surface of the grinding wheel to make sure the clamping force of the chuck evenly distributed.

（5）紧固砂轮的松紧程度应以压紧到足以带动砂轮不产生滑动为宜，不宜过紧。当用多个螺栓紧固大卡盘时，应按对角线成对顺序逐步均匀旋紧，禁止沿圆周方向顺序紧固螺栓，或一次把某一螺栓拧紧。紧固砂轮卡盘只能用标准板手，禁止用接长扳手或用敲打办法加大拧紧力。

The tightness of the grinding wheel should be strengthen enough to drive the grinding wheel not to slide and should not be fasten too tight. When tightening the large chuck with multiple bolts, it should be tightened step by step evenly in pairs of diagonal lines. It is prohibited to tighten the bolts in sequence along the circumferential direction or tighten a certain bolt at a time. Only standard plate hand can be used to tighten the grinding wheel chuck. It is prohibited to use a lengthening wrench or tapping to increase the tightening force.

三、砂轮的平衡试验

 Grinding wheel balance test

造成砂轮的不平衡原因是由于砂轮的重心与回转轴线不重合。它产生的原因是砂轮制造和安装缺陷，例如，砂轮的密度不均匀，端面不平行，几何形状或内外孔同心度误差，砂轮安装偏心等。不平衡的砂轮在高速旋转时会产生迫使砂轮偏离轴心的离心力，从而引起砂轮振动。其后果不仅影响磨削质量，还加速砂轮主轴轴承的磨损；当离心力超过砂轮强度允许范围时，将造成砂轮的碎裂。

The reason for the imbalance of the grinding wheel is that the center of gravity of the grinding wheel does not overlap with the rotation axis. The reasons for this are the defects in the manufacturing and installation of grinding wheels. Such uneven density of grinding wheels, unparalleled end faces, geometric shape or concentricity error of inner and outer holes, eccentricity of grinding wheel installation, etc. When an unbalanced grinding wheel rotates at high speed, it will generate centrifugal force that forces the grinding wheel to deviate from the axis and causing the grinding wheel to vibrate. The consequences not only affect the grinding quality but also accelerate the wear of the grinding wheel spindle bearing; when the centrifugal force exceeds the allowable range of the grinding wheel strength and the grinding wheel will be damage. 　　

新砂轮和经第一次修整的砂轮，以及发现运转不平衡的砂轮都应进行平衡试验。调整砂轮的平衡方法有动平衡和静平衡两种方法。

New grinding wheel, the first trimmed grinding wheel if it is found to be unbalanced, it should undergo balance tests. There are two methods for adjusting the balance of the grinding wheel: dynamic balance and static balance.

（1）动平衡法。该方法借助安装在机床上的传感器，直接显示出旋转时砂轮装置的不平衡量，通过调整平衡块的位置和距离，将不平衡量控制到小。

Dynamic balance method. This method directly displays the imbalance of the grinding wheel device during rotation with the help of a sensor installed on the machine tool. By adjusting the position and distance of the balance block, the imbalance is controlled to a small extent.

（2）静平衡法。静平衡调整在平衡架上进行，用手工办法找出砂轮重心，加装平衡块，调整平衡块位置，直到砂轮平衡，一般可在八个方位使砂轮保持平衡。 　

Static balance method. Static balance adjustment is carried out on the balance frame. Use manual methods to find the center of gravity of the grinding wheel. Install a balance block and adjust the position of the balance block until the grinding wheel is balanced. Generally, the grinding wheel can be kept balanced in eight directions.

调整平衡后的砂轮需在装好防护罩后进行空转试验。空转试验时间：直径≥400mm，空转时间大于5min；直径＜400mm，空转时间大于2min。 　　

After adjustment the grinding wheel balance must be idling for test after the protective cover is installed. Idle test time: diameter ≥400mm, idle time is greater than 5min; diameter 

空转试验期间，操作者应站在砂轮的侧方安全位置，不得站在砂轮前面或切线方向，以防意外。

During the idle test, the operator should stand in a safe position on the side of the grinding wheel and shall not stand in front of the grinding wheel or in the tangent direction to prevent accidents.

四、 砂轮的修整

Grinding wheel trimming

定期修整可使砂轮保持良好的磨削性能和正确的几何形状，避免出现砂轮的钝化、堵塞和外形失真，常使用的修整工具是金刚石笔。操作时，修整工具位置过高、修整方向不当（如逆砂轮旋转方向，倾斜角过大过小）或修整量过大，都会使砂轮产生强烈振动，或引起金刚石笔啃刀，严重的还会导致砂轮破裂。正确的操作方法是：金刚石笔处于砂轮中心水平线下1～2mm处，顺砂轮旋转方向，与水平面的倾斜角为5°～10°左右。修整时要用力均匀，速度平稳，一次修整量不要过大。操作者应站在砂轮的侧方安全位置，不可站在砂轮正面操作。 　　

Regular trimming can maintain good grinding performance and correct geometry to avoid passivation, clogging and distortion of the grinding wheel. The commonly used dressing tool is diamond pen. During operation, the position of the dressing tool is too high, the direction of the dressing (such as the direction of rotation of the grinding wheel, the inclination angle is too large or too small) or the amount of dressing will cause strong vibration of the grinding wheel or cause diamond pen to chew the knife and it will also cause the grinding wheel to break in severe cases.  The correct operation method is: the diamond pen is 1 to 2mm below the horizontal line of the grinding wheel center, and the inclination angle with the horizontal plane is about 5° to 10° in accordance with the direction of rotation of the grinding wheel. When trimming, use even force and steady speed and do not overdo it at one time. The operator should stand in a safe position on the side of the grinding wheel and not operate on the front of the grinding wheel.

 修整后的砂轮必须重新经回转试验后，方可使用。 　　

The trimmed grinding wheel must be re-tuned and tested before it can be used.

五、砂轮的储运

Storage and transportation of grinding wheels

（1）砂轮在搬运、储存中，不可受强烈振动和冲击，搬运时不准许滚动砂轮，以免造成裂纹、表面损伤。

The grinding wheel cannot be suppressed to strong vibration and impact during transportation and storage. The grinding wheel should be fasten not to be able to roll during transportation to avoid cracks and surface damage.

（2）印有砂轮特性和安全速度的标志不得随意涂抹或损毁，以免造成使用混乱。

Signs printed with grinding wheel characteristics and safety speed stickers or signs shall not be applied or damaged at will to avoid confusion in use.

（3）砂轮存放时间不应超过砂轮的有效期，树脂和橡胶结合剂的砂轮自出厂之日起,若存储时间超过一年，须经回转试验合格后才可使用。 　

The storage time of the grinding wheel should not exceed the validity period of the grinding wheel. If the storage time of the grinding wheel has expired and rubber bonding agent exceeds one year from the production date. It must be retested before use.

（4）砂轮存放场地应保持干燥，温度适宜，避免与其他化学品混放。防止砂轮受潮、低温、过热以及受有害化学品侵蚀使强度降低。

The grinding wheel storage site should be kept dry and the temperature should be appropriate to avoid mixing with other chemicals. Prevent the grinding wheel from moisture, low temperature, overheating, and erosion from harmful chemicals to reduce its strength.　

（5）砂轮应根据规格、形状和尺寸的不同，分类放置，防止叠压损坏或由于存储不当导致砂轮变形。

The grinding wheel should be placed in a classified manner according to the specifications of  shapes and sizes to prevent stacking damage or deformation of the grinding wheel due to improper ways of storage.